Khatam lost to the Italian giant 3-0 (25-19, 25-15, 25-19) in Pool B.
The Iranian team will play Asseco Resovia from Poland on Wednesday.
Khatam will also meet Brazilian powerhouse Sada Cruzeiro on Thursday.
Pool A consists of Italian Cucine Lube Civitanova, Russians Fakel Novy Urengoy and Zenit Kazan and Skra Bełchatów from Poland.
The 2018 FIVB Men's Club World Championship is the 14th edition of the tournament. It is being held in Poland for the second straight time from November 26 to December 2.