In the competition underway in Amman, Jordan, Rouzbahani lost to his Chinese rival Daxaing Chen at the light-heavyweight in his first match.
The event was initially due to take place in the Chinese city of Wuhan, but was relocated due to the coronavirus outbreak.
Thirty-five countries and 221 boxers are competing at the event, with 41 men's and 22 women's berths up for grabs at the Olympics.
Iran has sent eight boxers to the event.